Biology formulas

Jul 07, 2024
Urea refers to an organic compound which is also called as carbamide. Furthermore, the urea formula is CO (NH2)2. This is an amide which has two -NH2 groups which are joined by a functional group of carbonyl (C=O). Urea has very important usage as a fertilizer and also feed supplement. Furthermore, urea is a colorless, crystalline substance ....

Recommended by licensed healthcare practitioners, Systemic Formulas utilizes a proprietary blend of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, RNA/DNA tissue factors, amino acids, and botanicals which are synergistically formulated in a manner that targets a specific physiological system, while supporting the health of the body system as a whole.Functional groups. Large biological molecules are generally composed of a carbon skeleton (made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms) and some other atoms, including oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Often, these additional atoms appear in the context of functional groups. Functional groups are chemical motifs, or patterns of atoms, that display ...The combination of one glucose molecule with six molecules of gaseous oxygen produces six water molecules, six carbon dioxide molecules and 38 molecules of ATP. The chemical equation for the reaction is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 or 38 ATP molecules. While glucose is the main fuel for respiration, energy can also come from fats and ...Alan Turing may be best known for decrypting German messages created by their enigma machine in World War II. But the influential scientist thought about the interaction between nature and mathematics in great depth before his untimely death in 1954. In fact, his last published paper became one of the founding theories of mathematical biology, a subject devoted to understanding how nature's ...The process of preparation of NEET Biology Study Notes, important formula and mock tests are provided in the links given below. Physics Notes; Chemistry Notes . Other important quick revision notes for NEET preparation . Download 11th and 12th grade NEET Biology Study Notes in pdf form. It will be especially helpful during small gaps between ...Published: Friday 13 Jan 2023. Back in September 2022, the government confirmed that students should still get support in GCSE mathematics, physics and combined science with formulae and equations sheets. Ofqual launched a consultation on the plans for formulae and equations sheets in summer 2023. The consultation decisions can be found on ...ΔN/t = rN - cNP. P - # of predators supported by a stable prey population (P=r/c) N - # of prey that creates a stable predator population (N=m/ac) r - intrinsic growth rate of prey. c - capture probability (predator efficiency) a - efficiency of converting prey into predator offspring. m - predator mortality.AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability x = sample mean n = size of the sample s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results e = expected results Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible …Shop. Results. Our Story. Articles. Mother's Day Deals. Customer Reviews. Subscribe today to hear first about our sales. Enter your email. Subscribe.Chapter Wise CBSE Quick Revision Notes and Key Points for Class 9 Science Pdf free download was designed by expert teachers from latest edition of NCERT books to get good marks in board exams. NCERT Class 9 Science Notes contains physics, chemistry and biology notes of all chapters are part of Revision Notes for Class 9. Here we have given CBSE Class 9 Science Notes.Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3-8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3-5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6-8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely.Maths formulas for Class 9 are provided here for the students who consider Mathematics subject as a nightmare and difficult to understand. This may cause them to feel reluctant and lose interest in their studies. Therefore, to help them understand Maths in a simple way, we have accumulated all the important formulas for the 9th standard Maths subject, which students can easily remember.Organs are set in four series - petals, sepals, stamens and carpels. Floral formulae are a system to represent a flower's structure using specific numbers, letters, and symbols, hence it is a simple way to present salient features of a flower. It portrays the number of parts, floral symmetry, connotation and adnation, ovary position and ...Partial preview of the text. Appendix A A1 Appendix A AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability x = sample mean n = size of the sample s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results e = expected results Degrees of freedom are equal to ...Calculating cell concentration is simple with the use of a haemocytometer. Simply apply the cell solution to the haemocytometer and count the number of cell in a 1mm x 1mm square (made up of 5×5 small squares). Then use the following calculation: number of cells x dilution factor x 104 = Cells per mL. I would usually use a dilution of 1:1 with ...Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Sucrose (glucose + fructose and a formula of C12H22O11) Lactose (glucose + galactose and a formula of C12H22O11) Maltose (glucose + glucose and a formula of C12H22O11) The students could rank them in what they think is the order of sweetness. with 1 being the sweetest and 8 the least sweet. CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. Sign In. Details ...aerobic respiration (word) glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy. aerobic respiration (symbol) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O. anaerobic respiration. glucose --> lactic acid + energy. dependent variable. what you measure. independent variable.Learn about the formulas and definitions on the AP Biology formula sheet, which you can use during the exam. Find out what topics are covered, what symbols mean, and what else you should know for the test.Therefore, organisms from a single-celled bacteria to the largest of the dinosaurs leave behind carbon-based remains. Carbon dating is based upon the decay of 14 C, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a relatively long half-life (5700 years). While 12 C is the most abundant carbon isotope, there is a close to constant ratio of 12 C to 14 C in ...To help you excel, we've compiled all the important formulas you need into one free downloadable PDF. Here are the benefits of using our NEET Physics Formula Sheet: You will find a comprehensive collection of essential formulas covering all the major subjects tested in NEET including Physics, Chemistry and Biology.Terronica Blackmon. Biology Equations and Formulas 1.png. Biology Equations and Formulas 1.png. Full-size image:702 KB | ViewDownload.Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism.Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines.Dental Formula = (2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolar 3 molar) / (2 incisors 1 canine 2 premolar 3 molar) Humans have two dental formulae: The primary dentition (20 teeth): I2/2 C1/1 M2/2 = 10. The permanent dentition (32 teeth): I2/2C1/1 P2/2 M 3/3 = 16. Where: I – Incisors, C-Canine and M-Molar. Among all other mammals, both humans and apes have ...Heart Rate x Stroke Volume. Photosynthesis Equation. 6CO2 + 6H2O -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Anaerobic respiration in plants Word Equation. Glucose---> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide. Anaerobic Respiration in animals Word Equation. Glucose ----> Lactic acid. Show full summary. All Biology GCSE Paper 2 Equations you need to know.AP BIO EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS REVIEW SHEET #3 Answer Key. Formulas: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. p + q = 1. p = frequency of the dominant allele in a population. q = frequency of the recessive allele in a population. Example problem: For people, being right handed (R) is the dominant trait over being left handed (r)."Let's Learn Photosynthesis (C6H12O6)" is all about the biology formula for glucose. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy is very impo...Christian Horner, Team Principal of Aston Martin Red Bull Racing, sat down with Citrix CTO Christian Reilly. Christian Horner, team principal of Aston Martin Red Bull Racing, sat d...2500+ NEET Biology MCQ; Formula Sheet for NEET 2024. The NEET important formulas can help candidates in various ways: It helps in saving time for the exam. Makes the calculations easier. Reduces the risk of mistakes. Download the Last Minute Formula Sheet for NEET ; Previous Year Question(PYQ) Papers of NEETCalculating population growth rate is simpler than it seems. By comparing birth and death rates, we can intuitively find the growth rate. Here, we show the formula to calculate population growth rate, using calculus notation. Although this formula may look intimidating, it represents a straightforward concept, making it easy to grasp and apply ...AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS x = sample mean . n = sample size . s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results. e = expected results = sum of all . Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one. Exponential growth takes place when a population's per capita growth rate stays the same, regardless of population size, making the population grow faster and faster as it gets larger. It's represented by the equation: d N d T = r m a x N. ‍. Exponential growth produces a J-shaped curve. As a new parent, you have many important decisions to make. One is to choose whether to breastfeed your baby or bottle feed using infant formula. As a new parent, you have many imp...Biology, is designed to help you acquire the skills that will allow you to study biology more effectively. Your active participation in class and use of this Study ... • key formulas from IPC, with practice in using each of the formulas. Section SummariesA two-page summary for each chapter in Prentice Hall BiologyFigure 14.2.5 14.2. 5: A natural population of seals shows logistic growth. The number of seals, ranging from 1500 to 8500, is on the y-axis, and the year, ranging from 1975-2000, is on the x-axis. Orange dots represent the observed population size each year, and the blue line represent the trend. From 1975 to 1983, the blue line curves upwards ...But if you're stressing about what MCAT formulas to memorize, here is a short list of rules and equations collected by our MCAT test experts. This is by no means a definitive list but rather a sampling to jump start your prep. ... Central Dogma of molecular biology. DNA replication rules/enzymes. the start codon and the 3 stop codons ...Indulge in the exquisite nutritional experience of Systemic Formulas Metabo-Shake (Vanilla 32 Oz) - a Bio-Basic #625 formula meticulously crafted for those who prioritize both flavor and wellness. This delicious shake not only tantalizes your taste buds with rich vanilla goodness but also stands out as a vegan and gluten-free powerhouse.Biology NEET notes are an important source for your NEET preparation as they are organised in an understandable format, cover the entire lesson, and encourage active learning. Students are advised to go through the prescribed syllabus thoroughly to take full advantage of NEET Biology notes PDF free Download. By studying biology …Yet another Astro-Biology formula. The Earth Similarity Index, ESI or “easy scale” is a measure of how physically similar a planetary-mass object is to Earth. It is a scale from zero to one, with Earth having a value of one. The ESI was designed to measure planets, but the formula can also be applied to large natural satellites and other ...The Differential Calculus splits up an area into small parts to calculate the rate of change.The Integral calculus joins small parts to calculates the area or volume and in short, is the method of reasoning or calculation.In this page, you can see a list of Calculus Formulas such as integral formula, derivative formula, limits formula etc. Since calculus plays an important role to get the ...The following scores were collected for a midterm exam given to six biology students. Use the formula to calculate the standard deviation. Show all work! 52, 68, 72, 86, 90, 98 . Task 5: Sample Data. In some cases, researchers may only be able to take a small sample of values for a large population. The formula is similar, but instead of N, N-1 ...Such arrangements have been noticed since the Middle Ages and can be used to make mathematical models of a wide variety of plants. Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern ...ss AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS . 00762-113-CED-Biology_Appendix.indd 214 2/28/19 7:46 PM. Return to Table of ContentsEDTA solution has many medical and scientific uses. Moreover, at a chemical level, it forms coordination compounds with metal ions and inactivates them. In addition, inorganic chemists use them as a chemical buffer and biochemist use them to inactivate enzymes. Furthermore, doctors and hospitals use them to treat calcium and lead poisoning.Urea refers to an organic compound which is also called as carbamide. Furthermore, the urea formula is CO (NH2)2. This is an amide which has two -NH2 groups which are joined by a functional group of carbonyl (C=O). Urea has very important usage as a fertilizer and also feed supplement. Furthermore, urea is a colorless, crystalline substance ...Calculating magnification and specimen size using millimetres as units. Magnification is calculated using the following equation: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size. A better way to remember the equation is using an equation triangle: Magnification equation. Rearranging the equation to find things other than the magnification becomes ...Celsius to Fahrenheit formula. K=273+C. Celsius to Kelvin formula. 1ml=1cc=1g. equivalent measurements of water at 4C. 2.54. amount of centimeters in an inch. 3785. ... Biology: Life on Earth 10th Edition Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk. 853 solutions. Other Quizlet sets. bio hw 16. 43 terms. damicella_rodriguez. Objectives ch. 19, 20, 22.Content on teeth as covered for the Irish biology syllabus. All icons from the Noun Project www,thenounoroject.comNot for monetary gain and for entertainmen... The AP Biology exam covers a large amount of information, but fortunately, you don’t have to memorize every formula you will need for the exam. During the exam, you will be provided with a two-sided Equations and Formulas sheet to use on the test. The AP bio formula sheet will be at the front of both the multiple-choice and free-response ... Calculating cell concentration is simple with the use of a haemocytometer. Simply apply the cell solution to the haemocytometer and count the number of cell in a 1mm x 1mm square (made up of 5×5 small squares). Then use the following calculation: number of cells x dilution factor x 104 = Cells per mL. I would usually use a dilution of 1:1 with ... Comprehensive Coverage: Our formula sheets encompass the entire NEET UG syllabus, providing you with a one-stop solution for all essential formulas and equations across Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Clarity and Precision: Each formula is presented with utmost clarity and precision, ensuring that you grasp the concept behind it and can apply ... Water Potential Definition. Water potential is the potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water, when both temperature and pressure are kept the same. It can also be described as a measure of how freely water molecules can move in a particular environment or system. It is measured in kilopascals (kPa) and is represented by the ... IGCSE-Formula-List - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. To calculate the probability of finding a sequence with 50% G/C content (11 Gs or Cs in a 22 base sequence), we plug in NG/C=11 and calculate a probability of 0.117, or 11.7%. To calculate the probability of a range of values we take the sum of the individual probabilities. P(55% GC 45%) P(N ) P (10) P (11) P (12) > =.Product Description. N3 - RELAXA. It provides nutrients that calm frayed nerves. This is an all-natural, chemical-free. f. It is a super nervine formula effective in promoting sleep and aiding in general relaxation. Works well with Formula Ga in coping with acidosis (the urine's pH value indicates acidity) and DReM. COUNT: 60 capsules.Potentially useful for bio/ecology students. hrtbeat.zip: 1k: 00-03-29: Heartbeat v1.00 Just a simple program that shows a heartbeat monitor, can be used on and 83, I will add more later! hydrocarbons.zip: 1k: 07-03-30: Hydrocarbons This program finds either the formula, given the name, or the name, given the formula, of a hydrocarbon molecule.Analysing chi-squared values. To work out what the chi-squared value means we need to compare the chi-squared value to a critical value; The critical value is read from a table of critical values and depends on the probability level used and the degrees of freedom. Biologists generally use a probability level of 0.05 or 5 % . This means that there is only …Figure 14.2.5 14.2. 5: A natural population of seals shows logistic growth. The number of seals, ranging from 1500 to 8500, is on the y-axis, and the year, ranging from 1975-2000, is on the x-axis. Orange dots represent the observed population size each year, and the blue line represent the trend. From 1975 to 1983, the blue line curves upwards ...Carbon dating is based upon the decay of 14 C, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a relatively long half-life (5700 years). While 12 C is the most abundant carbon isotope, there is a close to constant ratio of 12 C to 14 C in the environment, and hence in the molecules, cells, and tissues of living organisms.Magnification is the ability of a microscope to produce an image of an object at a scale larger (or even smaller) than its actual size. Magnification serves a useful purpose only when it is possible to see more details of an object in the image than when observing the object with the unaided eye. Magnification = scale bar image divided by ...We use several kinds of formulas to describe organic compounds. A molecular formula shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula C 4 H 10 tells us there are 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms in a molecule, but it doesn't distinguish between butane and isobutane. A structural formula shows all the carbon and hydrogen atoms and the bonds ...Disaccharides. Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates having two monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc. 3. Oligosaccharides. Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of 2-9 monomers are called oligosaccharides. By this convention, trioses, pentoses, hexoses are all oligosaccharides.Biology is a true Aussie brand that represents an authentic Australian, bohemian, laid-back lifestyle and passion for the ocean. We're here to offer great quality personal care products that will complement your routine, in uncomplicated yet effective clean formulations. We are fuss-free, just how Aussies like it.D - Digest. Fungal Based Enzyme solution that promotes digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. A broad spectrum digestive support formula that promotes proper levels of digestive acids and enzymes. This formula has two primary uses: 1. Use with food for broad, digestive benefits, and to strengthen the stomach/digestive system. 2.Partial preview of the text. Appendix A A1 Appendix A AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability x = sample mean n = size of the sample s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) o = observed results e = expected results Degrees of freedom are equal to ...Download Ap Biology Formulas and Equations Sheet and more Cheat Sheet Biology in PDF only on Docsity! AP BIO EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS REVIEW SHEET #1 Formulas: Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by the number of data points Range = value obtained by ...Biology formulas list is an invaluable resource for any NEET aspirant aiming to achieve high scores in the biology section. This discipline, often perceived as purely theoretical, does involve mathematical aspects, which are represented in the form of these formulas. From understanding genetic probabilities to calculating population dynamics in ... The Exponential Equation is a Standard Model Describing the Growth of a Single Population. The easiest way to capture the idea of a growing population is with a single celled organism, such as a ... ethanol, a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohol s; its molecular formula is C 2 H 5 OH. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming a mixture known as a gasohol ).Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") can be defined as knowledge about the natural world. Science is a very specific way of learning, or knowing, about the world. The history of the past 500 years demonstrates that science is a very powerful way of knowing about the world; it is largely responsible for the technological ...AS and A LEVEL. This Mathematical Skills Handbook is designed to accompany the OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE and Advanced GCE specifications in Biology A and Biology B (Advancing Biology) for teaching from September 2015. Version 1.6. H020, H420, H022, H422. For first teaching in 2015.In the absence of diversity (1 species), the probability that two individuals randomly selected will be the same is 1. Simpson's Index is calculated as follows: D = ∑i=1S ( ni N)2 (22.2.1) (22.2.1) D = ∑ i = 1 S ( n i N) 2. where ni is the number of individuals in species i, N = total number of individuals of all species, and ni /N = pi ...Basics of Biostatistics. Application of statistical methods in biomedical research began more than 150 years ago. One of the early pioneers, Florence Nightingale, the icon of nursing, worked during the Crimean war of the 1850s to improve the methods of constructing mortality tables. The conclusions from her tables helped to change the practices ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.Properties of Amino Acids (pKa, pKb, pKx, pl) The properties of α-amino acids are complex, yet simplistic in that every molecule of an amino acid involves two functional groups: carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH2). Each molecule can contain a side chain or R group, e.g. Alanine is an example of standard amino acid containing methyl …December 31, 2022 by NirbhaySingh. (PDF) Aakash RAPID REVISION Biology (Formula Booklet) formula book for IIT Free Pdf Download: A very good book if you are preparing for jee, neet, kcet , comedk or any other compitative exam. It’s like a pocket formula book. It has covered all the formulas of class 11th and 12 ncert.Math and mathematical models in ecology. The processes of population changes in space and time are called population dynamics.Over time, a population or species may expand its geographic range, colonize a new isolated habitat patch like an island, or disappear from areas where it occurred previously (extirpation).Even if a population or species is only found in the same locations as previously ...AP Biology Equations and Formulas Sheet Approved calculator types: Four-function calculator (with square root) Scientific (nongraphing) calculator, but must not have unapproved features or capabilities Graphing calculator Preparing for the AP Biology Exam I t ' s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t w e e a t a t l e a s t f i v e A floral formula is one of the ways to summarise all the flower characteristics, which makes the use of discrete letters, numbers and symbols. The letters used in the floral formula indicate the members of the perianth and other floral parts. Specific signs or symbols are also used to denote the properties like parentheses, aestivation ... Learn AP Biology using videos, articles, and AP-aligned multiple choice question practice. Review the fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology, and develop scientific thinking skills as you explore the study of life.Biomolecule Definition. A biomolecule refers to any molecule that is produced by living organisms. As such, most of them are organic molecules. The four major groups of biomolecules include polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ), and lipids. They are found in and produced by living organisms. Thus, many of the biomolecules are ...Learn how to symbolize the composition and bonding of molecules using molecular formulas, empirical formulas, and structural formulas. See examples of common compounds and elements with their formulas and …

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That And your GCSE biology exam is looming. In this guide, we offer a suggested structure for studying for GCSE biology. % 10% off orders above £70. 20% off orders above £250. Use code: EPPDISCOUNT . About; ... Whereas other questions will require you to work out the correct answer using an equation or formula. Typically, you don’t need to show ...Biology NEET notes are an important source for your NEET preparation as they are organised in an understandable format, cover the entire lesson, and encourage active learning. Students are advised to go through the prescribed syllabus thoroughly to take full advantage of NEET Biology notes PDF free Download. By studying biology revision notes, aspirants will retain the most important ...Appendix A. AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND. FORMULAS. StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility. s. = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample. based estimate of the standard deviation of the. population) x. = mean. n. = size of the sample. o. = observed individuals with observed genotype. e. = expected individuals with observed genotype.

How CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. CGP Edexcel GCSE Biology Revision Guide.pdf. Sign In. Details ...Learn the basic formulas of biomolecules in easy terms. Explore proteins, Acids, DNA, lipids, and more. Simplify your biology knowledge. A Biomolecule, also known as a biological molecule, is a molecule that is produced by living organisms and plays a crucial role in various biological processes.

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bargain outlet chicopee Cave biology is the study of the animal specimens that live and evolve in caves. Learn about cave biology and cave animals in this article. Advertisement Spelunking. Go ahead, say ...2,345 Biology Formula Illustrations. Browse & download free and premium 2,345 Biology Formula Illustrations for web or mobile (iOS and Android) design, marketing, or developer projects. These royalty-free high-quality Biology Formula Vector Illustrations are available in SVG, PNG, EPS, AI, or JPG and are available as individual or illustration ... hyatt bangor mainefort lauderdale 15 day weather Respiration is a series of reactions, but this summarises the overall process. Human muscle can respire anaerobically for short periods of time - even though the process is relatively ... scotty's junction dispensaryhoneywell t6 pro auto changeovernashua x2 aspen Maths, science and technology academic help. Biology, biochemistry and other life sciences. Biology Exams. Edexcel core biology formulas. Watch. 8 years ago.Knowing the present value of an annuity is important for retirement planning. This guide walks you through how it works and how to calculate it. Calculators Helpful Guides Compare ... bob menke obituary A plant is a living organism and is immobile. Plant is having autotrophic mode of nutrition and divided into two types - Cryptogams and Phanerogams. Cryptogams do not have flowers or seeds where as Phanerogams possess flowers and seeds during their lifetime. A plant can be studied by its internal constitution and by its external characters.Chemical formulas can be categorized into 3 types: Molecular formula; Empirical formula; Structural formula; A molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound. For example, the molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H 2 O 2 , because a molecule of hydrogen peroxide actually contains 2 hydrogen and 2 oxygen atoms. mynsmorderascend waynegottman pdf Fitness (often denoted or ω in population genetics models) is a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success.It is also equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, made by the same individuals of the specified genotype or phenotype. Fitness can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment or time.